The authors are not authorized, however, to share the individual-level Facebook data because it would with be an IRB ethics violation-the privacy of participants would be compromised. The result files that we made available on the OSF database contain the data necessary to reproduce the Tables and Figures contained in the document. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All result files are available from the Open Science Framework database: (database accession number(s) osf.io/2gd5v). Received: NovemAccepted: Published: May 25, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Park et al. Danforth, University of Vermont, UNITED STATES (2016) Women are Warmer but No Less Assertive than Men: Gender and Language on Facebook. Computational linguistic analysis combined with methods to automatically label topics offer means for testing psychological theories unobtrusively at large scale.Ĭitation: Park G, Yaden DB, Schwartz HA, Kern ML, Eichstaedt JC, Kosinski M, et al. Language used more by self-identified females was interpersonally warmer, more compassionate, polite, and-contrary to previous findings-slightly more assertive in their language use, whereas language used more by self-identified males was colder, more hostile, and impersonal. In a sample of over 15,000 Facebook users, we found substantial gender differences in the use of affiliative language and slight differences in assertive language. In Study 2, we plotted male- and female-linked language topics along two interpersonal dimensions prevalent in gender research: affiliation and assertiveness. However, topics most associated with self-identified female participants included friends, family, and social life, whereas topics most associated with self-identified male participants included swearing, anger, discussion of objects instead of people, and the use of argumentative language. Most language differed little across gender. In Study 1, we analyzed topics (groups of semantically similar words) across 10 million messages from over 52,000 Facebook users. Using a large social media dataset and open-vocabulary methods from computational linguistics, we explored differences in language use across gender, affiliation, and assertiveness.
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